The end of the American Indian Wars in 1924 is far more recent than most people imagine. For centuries, these conflicts unfolded across shifting frontiers as Indigenous nations fought to defend their ... View MoreThe end of the American Indian Wars in 1924 is far more recent than most people imagine. For centuries, these conflicts unfolded across shifting frontiers as Indigenous nations fought to defend their homelands against U.S. expansion, forced removals, and broken treaties.
By the early 20th century, only a few holdouts remained, including small Apache groups who continued resisting U.S. authority long after the major wars had ended. Their final surrender in August 1924 marked the symbolic close of an era that had shaped the entire North American continent. It wasn’t ancient history, it happened within the lifetime of people’s grandparents.
Just weeks before that final Apache conflict ended, the U.S. passed the Indian Citizenship Act of June 1924, but none of that states honored it till the late 60s, granting citizenship to all Indigenous peoples born within the country. But even this milestone came with contradictions: many Native communities had already served in World War I without being recognized as citizens, and full voting rights were still denied in several states for decades afterward.
The overlap of these two events, the end of armed resistance and the legal recognition of citizenship, captures a pivotal moment in Indigenous history, where survival, sovereignty, and identity were being renegotiated in the modern era.
What often surprises people is how bureaucratic the final years of the conflict were. By the early 1900s, most large‑scale battles were long over, but the U.S. government still classified certain Indigenous groups especially small Apache bands as “hostile” simply because they lived traditionally and refused relocation.
Some Apaches who were still being pursued in the 1910s and 1920s had never actually fought the U.S. Army; they were resisting forced settlement. Even more striking, several Native scouts who had served the U.S. military with distinction were still legally considered “prisoners of war” decades after their service. The last of these POW designations wasn’t lifted until 1914, meaning some Indigenous men were held under wartime status for nearly 30 years.
Another overlooked fact is how deeply Indigenous people shaped the U.S. military during and after the wars. Many Native men served as scouts, trackers, and interpreters roles so effective that the Army quietly kept Indigenous scouts on payroll into the 1940s.
Some tribes, like the Navajo and Hopi, were still negotiating land rights and sovereignty while simultaneously sending soldiers to World War I, despite not being recognized as U.S. citizens. Even after the 1924 Citizenship Act states didn't recognize Native Americans as citizens until 1969, almost all states continued to block Native voting rights until the late 1960s. So while the “wars” officially ended in 1924, the struggle for legal recognition, land, and autonomy continued long after, revealing a far more complicated and human story than most textbooks ever mention.
Mo-chi, was a Cheyenne Woman, also known as Buffalo Calf Women. She survived an attack by U.S. soldiers during the Sand Creek Massacre in 1864, and also the Washita River Massacre in 1868. On a bitter... View MoreMo-chi, was a Cheyenne Woman, also known as Buffalo Calf Women. She survived an attack by U.S. soldiers during the Sand Creek Massacre in 1864, and also the Washita River Massacre in 1868. On a bitter cold morning in the Colorado, life for the Cheyenne and Arapaho changed forever. Sunrise brought sounds of cannon fire, screams and mass confusion in their village at Sand Creek. Soldiers from the Colorado volunteer Cavalry lead by Colonel Chivington seemed to be coming at them from all directions. Most of the warriors were out hunting. Chivington a pastor, had given orders to shoot the men, women and children. The killing spree lasted until 3pm in the afternoon. As the sun set over the carnage, a 23-year-old Cheyenne woman named Mo-chi, emerged from the smoke and ashes. She was uninjured but stunned, as she walked among the less fortunate. The sight of her dead husband Standing Bull, filled her with grief. Then she saw her dead father and her grief turned to anger. She grabbed her father's rifle and vowed revenge. After darkness she ventured out of her hiding place and heard soldier laughing in the distance. The cold winter night chilled her as her frozen feet walked over the crusted snow. She came across other survivors and they made their way to the camp of some Cheyenne Dog Soldiers, where they were fed, clothed, and their wounds treated. They rested a few days before Dog Soldiers took them to a large Sioux camp. Anger over the massacre at Sand Creek spread like wildfire, and the traditional war pipe was sent out by runners. The chiefs held a council and concluded that war against the white man was the only way to honor their dead and save their homelands. Raids along the Platte River were made, including a massive raid on the town of Julesburg in northeastern Colorado. Survivors of Sand Creek had been left with nothing, and they needed food and blankets and other basic necessities. On January 7, 1865 about 1,000 warriors and many women including Mo-chi, were leading extra horses needed to carry supplies back. The Dog Soldier had a brilliant attack planned. They approached Camp Rankin and rushed the guards outside the fort walls. The soldiers returned fire, and then the fort gates opened. A force of about 40 mounted soldiers charged. The soldiers thought they were attacking a small war party. Their decoy worked and warriors hidden rushed into the fort and took what they needed before the soldiers knew what had happened. The women led by Mo-chi, arrived and loaded the goods onto the packhorses. Mo-chi and others freed the soldier's extra horses from the fort. Cheyenne warriors, including Medicine Water and his new partner Mo-chi, wreaked more havoc by raiding the overland stagecoach and destroyed some 70 miles of telegraph wire. The route to Denver was practically shut off. With no travel, communications or goods coming into the city, the citizens were isolated and hungry. Things did not look good for the people of Denver, and the United States was ready to negotiate for peace. The Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867 required the Cheyenne to move to a smaller reservations in Indian Territory. One of the Dog Soldiers stepped up to the table, took out his knife and stuck it through the treaty papers and into the table, and left the knife there. Chief Black Kettle who survived the attack on his village at Sand Creek, was one of 14 Cheyenne Chiefs to sign the treaty. He settled his people on the banks of the Washita River in Oklahoma, but they never received the promised provisions. Cheyenne warrior Roman Nose ignored the treaty and continued to create havoc. General William Tecumseh Sherman, ironically named after Shawnee Chief Tecumseh, believed that these “hostiles” needed to be punished and forced onto the reservations. Roman Nose struck back furiously, and they slowed all travel across western Kansas. Medicine Water and Mo-chi were wed in the Cheyenne way, were not seriously hurt in any of the battles they were in. In the days that followed, Medicine Water and Mo-chi rode together as warriors and continued to fight for their way of life. At dawn on a frigid snowy day, November 27, 1868, Lt. Col. George A. Custer and 700 men of the 7th Cavalry attacked Chief Black Kettle’s peaceful village in Oklahoma. Mo-chi was horrified as she watched her village attacked, reliving her memories of Sand Creek, just four years earlier almost to the day. Custer’s attack on the village was unprovoked, and the troops cut down many Indians as they fled their tepees. Around 200 elders, women and children were murdered. The freezing river banks were covered with dead bodies. Custer burned the tepees and shot 800 ponies in the head. Custer did not have orders to attack. Black Kettle's tribe were peacefully living on the land assigned them in the treaty. Medicine Water and Mo-chi struggled to protect their children through the horrifying attack. At one point, a bullet struck their oldest child named Measure Woman, who was not even 5 years old, was shot in the hip. Mo-chi was able to get her and the others out of further danger with the help of a family friend, Red Bird. The young warrior held soldiers off the best he could firing until return fire finally brought him down.
Members of Red Bird’s family returned to the site after the troops departed and wrapped his body in a sacred robe giving him a warrior’s burial on a wooden scaffold. Chief Black Kettle did not survive both attacks at Sand Creek in 1864, and the one on the Washita in 68, but Mo-chi did. Her invisible scars however had deepened. She wanted vengeance more than ever. Although she had accompanied her husband into battle before, she now saw herself as a Cheyenne warrior. Mo-chi continued to ride by her husband’s side. In the aftermath of the Battle at Washita. Medicine Water had become chief of the Bowstrings, and like his wife had vowed to avenge the slaughter of their people. Medicine Water engaged the buffalo-hide hunters in battle to protect his homeland and the few remaining buffalo scattered across the Plains. After smoking the war pipe with Chief Quanah Parker of the Comanches, Medicine Water and his Bowstring warriors continued to wage war against the buffalo hide hunters. On June 27, 1874, Comanches, Kiowas and Southern Cheyennes gathered. Medicine Water and Mo-chi were part of the Cheyenne contingent. Among the men at the buffalo hunter hideout was a young man named Bat Masterson. He would go on to become famous as a lawmen and gambler. A wounded Quanah and the other attackers eventually withdrew, Medicine Water, Mo-chi and 30 other Indian prisoners were charged with a variety of crimes, including murder, kidnapping and illegal detention. They were not given a trial, but were loaded into rail cars and taken to St. Augustine, Fla., a six-week journey in chains and shackles. Mo-chi was the only female prisoner. They were held at Florida’s Fort Marion prison for three years and then were returned in 1878, to Fort Leavenworth in Kansas. Mo-chi was now very ill having contracted tuberculosis in prison while in Florida. This photo is of Mo-chi while in prison. She died in 1881 at the young age of 41. She was laid to rest along the Washita River with all the honors of a Cheyenne Warrior. Even though he had lost his wife warrior, Medicine Water lived another 45 years. He remained true to his people, serving with the Native American Church and working to educate tribal youth. Medicine Water died in 1926, at 90 years old. He was buried with all the honors of a head war chief of the Cheyenne Bowstring Warrior Society.
The first time I listened to the radio in 25 years and this song came on and I really liked it. Is it a new song?
a-ha - Take On Me (Official Video) [4K]
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ONE BILLION VIEWS on February 17, 2020 / TWO BILLI
Let me set things straight about your precious Lincoln.
1st The civil war wasn't even about slavery, the north was losing the war than about 18 months after the war started he made it about the civil... View MoreLet me set things straight about your precious Lincoln.
1st The civil war wasn't even about slavery, the north was losing the war than about 18 months after the war started he made it about the civil war, so he could get help from other states.
2nd After he freed the slaves he didn't free the ones him and his wife had.
3rd He insisted hundreds of black slaves, to hunt down and kill Native Americans. He used one race to try to eliminate another race. He just used the black soldiers to do that because he didn't want anymore white soldiers killed after the civil war. He was a racist pos scum of America. And one of the worst presidents in history.
You know what pisses me off is Lincoln approved the hanging of 38 First Nation warriors for defending their homeland against invaders, for war crimes. But nothing happened to Chivington for killing up to 500 old men, women and children that were Cheyenne and Arapahoe. Abraham Lincoln was the biggest racist as a president, he freed the slaves but also ordered the extermination of all First Nation people. After reading through the Sand Creek Massacre and the hangings of our warriors all were done under Lincoln's watch, that alone should tell everyone what the First Nation people had to endure throughout history. And why its still hard for some First Nation people to trusts whites. I try not to post anything political but had to remind people what really happened in the history of our people.
These post are not for political debates it's to learn more about history.
Abraham Lincoln
In fact, Abraham Lincoln is not seen as much of a hero at all among many American Indian tribes and Native peoples of the United States, as the majority of his policies proved to be detrimental to them. For instance, the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Act of 1862 helped precipitate the construction of the transcontinental railroad, which led to the significant loss of land and natural resources, as well as the loss of lifestyle and culture, for many tribal people. In addition, rampant corruption in the Indian Office, the precursor of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, continued unabated throughout Lincoln’s term and well beyond. In many cases, government-appointed Indian agents outright stole resources that were supposed to go to the tribes.
In other cases, the Lincoln administration simply continued to implement discriminatory and damaging policies, like placing Indians on reservations. Beginning in 1863, the Lincoln administration oversaw the removal of the Navajos and the Mescalero Apaches from the New Mexico Territory, forcing the Navajo to march 450 miles to Bosque Redondo—a brutal journey. Eventually, more than 2,000 died before a treaty was signed.
Several massacres of Indians also occurred under Lincoln’s watch. For example, the Dakota War in Minnesota in 1862 led to the hanging of thirty-eight Indian men—303 Indian men had been sentenced to hang, but the others were spared by Lincoln’s pardon. The Sand Creek Massacre in southeastern Colorado in 1864 also resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Cheyenne and Arapaho.
On a more positive note, Pueblo leaders received silver-headed ebony canes in 1863 engraved with Lincoln’s name to symbolize their sovereignty. These canes are still revered and used for ceremonial purposes today.
W. Dale Mason describes Lincoln’s policy toward Native Americans in his essay “The Indian Policy of Abraham Lincoln.” “President Lincoln … continued the policy of all previous presidents of viewing Indian as wards of the government while at the same time negotiating with them as sovereigns,” Mason writes. “He made no revolutionary change in Indian-white relations as he did in black-white relations with the Emancipation Proclamation. While he called for reform of the Indian system in his last two Annual Messages to Congress, he provided no specifics and he continued the policy, already in place, of confining Indians to reservations after negotiating treaties.”
What’s clear is that the Emancipation Proclamation did not end discrimination against Native Americans. There are many wounds that still need to be healed.
Abraham Lincoln freed the black slaves and at the same time he was trying to eliminate the Indian people in a genocide.
In my dad's group on Facebook he posts Native American history culture and heritage. And I've seen comments on them that says it's all in the past get over it. I have to say this and I can't apologize... View MoreIn my dad's group on Facebook he posts Native American history culture and heritage. And I've seen comments on them that says it's all in the past get over it. I have to say this and I can't apologize for it. Those mother fuckers i hope something happens to them because it's not in the past it's still going on. This is why it's still very hard to trust the white man and government. This happened to my wife 25 years ago, she went in for a 3 month check up and they told her it was a healthy boy but wanted to do other tests so they put her under and did an abortion and forced sterilization. When she found out she took her own life.
Forced sterilization
Most of the women interviewed for the report were sterilized between 2005 and 2020. The committee says it is aware of a case of forced sterilization as recent as in 2021.
“Some of the Indigenous women who were forced or coerced into sterilization live on reserves in remote areas. Hospitals are often a long distance away and require significant travel, sometimes by air,” the report says.
“Away from their family and communities to give birth, many Indigenous women experience language and cultural barriers. Many women are not given adequate information or support to understand and to be informed of their rights, including their sexual and reproductive rights.” That happened for over 200 years and still happening.
Just like the democrats created abortion clinics to control the blacks population.
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