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Michael Connor

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John Blackfeather Michael Connor

November 2, 2024 9:25 pm

Sauk Tribe The Sauk tribe, also known as the Sacs or Saukies were a fierce, warlike people who originally inhabited territory in the western Great Lakes region then moved west of Lake Michigan to pre... View MoreSauk Tribe The Sauk tribe, also known as the Sacs or Saukies were a fierce, warlike people who originally inhabited territory in the western Great Lakes region then moved west of Lake Michigan to present-day Wisconsin. In 1734, the Sauk joined in a alliance with the Fox tribe who had been defeated by the French in the Fox Wars. The tribes extended their territory westward beyond the Mississippi. Sauk chiefs included Keokuk, Wapello and the famous Black Hawk, leader of the 1832 Black Hawk War. The above picture depicts Pam-a-ho, meaning the Swimmer, who was one of Chief Black Hawk's Warriors. It was painted by the famous artist George Catlin (1796-1872) at Jefferson Barracks in 1832 where Black Hawk and his warriors were imprisoned following the Black Hawk War, the last of the Indian wars that took place in the Old Northwest Territory. Pam-a-ho's hair is shaved leaving a scalp lock to which a roach headdress was attached. The roach headdress stood straight up from his head like a crest and held open by comb-like object called a roach-spreader. The roach headdress was dyed red, the same color as his body paint. Black Hawk and his fellow captives such as Pam-a-ho and were presented to different nations in the United States and in Europe. The Fox tribe spoke in a related dialect of the Algonquian language. The name 'Sauk' derives from the Algonquian word, 'Osakiwug' meaning the "Yellow Earth People", in reference to their creation myth. The Sauk (Sac) tribe were farmers, hunter-gatherers and fishermen who made good use of their lightweight birchbark canoes they used on hunting, trading and fishing trips. Originally living along the western Great Lakes, they extended their lands into Wisconsin and the biggest Sauk villages were on the Wisconsin River. They extended their territories further west where they hunted buffalo. Their neighbours were the Fox tribe who were defeated by the French during the Fox Wars (1712 - 1733). The Fox then joined the larger Sauk tribe, an association that led to a long standing alliance. Both the Sauk and the Fox (Meskwaki) people had a strong sense of tribal identity and each tribe retained their separate chiefs, customs and traditions. The Sauk maintained good relations with the French until the Fox Wars and also traded with the Dutch and the English. The Sauk left their central Michigan location for northern Wisconsin after tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy attacked the people in the mid-seventeenth century. The Sauk became allies with the British during the French and Indian wars (1689 - 1763). The Fox tribe relocated south from Wisconsin into Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri. Following the American War of Independence an alliance of many different tribes, called the Western Confederacy, was formed who aimed to keep the Ohio River as a boundary between Native Indian lands and the United States. The Sauk subsequently fought in Little Turtle’s War (1785–1795), Tecumseh's War (1811–1813) and the 1832 Black Hawk War. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 resulted in the Sauk tribe being moved to reservations in Indian territory. This article contains fast, fun facts and interesting information about the Sauk Native American Indian tribe. Find answers to questions like where did the Sauk tribe live, what clothes did they wear and what food did they eat? Discover what happened to the Sauk tribe with facts about their wars and history with the Sauk History Timeline. The Sauk are people of the Northeast Woodland Native American cultural group. The geography of the region in which they lived dictated the lifestyle and culture of the Sauk tribe. The Northeast Woodland region extended mainly across the New England States, lower Canada, west to Minnesota, and north of the Ohio River Land: Lush woodlands, rivers, ocean Climate: The climate varied according to the location of the tribe Land Animals: The animals included squirrel, muskrat, white-tailed deer, raccoon, bears, beavers, moose, and caribou Fish: Fish and shell fish Crops: The crops grown in the area were corn (maize), pumpkin, squash, beans and tobacco Trees: Poplar, birch, elm, maple, oak, pine, fir trees and spruce The picture of the Sauk brave like all warriors, wore war paint to intimidate his enemies. He wears a necklace of bear claws and another of beads and shells. His buckskin clothing is decorated with his battle trophies in the form of small scalp locks taken from his enemies - refer to practise of Taking Scalps in Indian Warfare. His breech cloth is passed between his legs and attached to a cordage belt. Also attached to his belt is soft pouch made from deerskin. He wears buckskin leggings and moccasins. His elaborate shield would have been used during horseback warfare and he carries a gunstock club that would have been used in hand-to-hand combat. The Sauk tribe lived in two different shelters, the permanent longhouse structure and the wigwam, a temporary shelter that was used by Algonquian speaking Native Indian tribes who lived in the woodland regions. The Sauk longhouses were built from birch bark and surrounded by their crops and often a lacrosse playing field. The dark, windowless Longhouses had a rounded roof with doors at both ends of the longhouse and a smoke hole in the roof to let in air and light. The Sauk wigwams were small oval or cone-shaped shelters with an arched roof made of wooden frames that were covered with woven mats and sheets of birchbark, held in place by ropes or strips of wood. Some Sauk wigwams were covered with buffalo hides, if this was a major resource in the area they lived in. A Sauk wigwam was usually about 8-10 feet tall and 10 - 15 feet wide at the base. The Sauk played stickball, the forerunner of lacrosse or racquette. The picture by George Catlin depicts stickball players. The Sauk maintained numerous clans and the young men were divided into two major ceremonial groups called "moieties" that ensured an equal division of the tribe during games like lacrosse. Members of the Kishko (Long Hairs) moiety painted themselves white. Whilst members of the Oskush (Brave) moiety painted themselves black. In this stickball or lacrosse game the ball was caught with a netted ball-stick. As many as 100 - 1,000 men from opposing teams, villages or different tribes would participate in these games. The weapons used by the Sauk warriors included bows and arrows, spears, lances, war clubs, gunstock clubs, tomahawks and knives. The Native Indian enemies of the Sauk included the Iroquois, Illinois, Osage and the Sioux. The food that the Sauk tribe ate depended on the natural resources that were available to them in the locations that they lived in. The food of the Sauk Northeast Woodland people were fish and small game including squirrel, deer, elk, raccoon, bear and beaver. Corn, squash, beans and pumpkin were raised by the women. The men also raised tobacco The food of the Sauk people who inhabited the Great Plains region was predominantly buffalo but also they also hunted bear, deer and wild turkey. The women also collected roots, wild fruit and vegetables . Sauk History Timeline 1600s: The Sauk lived in the southern Great Lakes Region 1600's: New France' was established in the area of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes. New France was divided into five colonies of Canada, Acadia, Hudson Bay, Newfoundland and Louisiana 1614: The New Netherlands was established and the Sauk started trading with the Dutch 1628: The Sauk defeat their Mohican enemies 1620: The Great Migration of English colonists and the encroachment of Native Indian lands in New England begins 1634: Devastating epidemics of smallpox were spread by the Europeans 1667: The first Sauk contact with the French at Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior. Jesuit missionary Claude Jean Allouez, vicar general of Quebec, was the first person to describe the Sauk and wrote that the tribe was more savage than all the other peoples he had met. 1670: Hudson Bay Company was formed establishing significant fur trading in Lake Superior region 1688: The French and Indian Wars (1688-1763)begin marking the outbreak of King William's War (1688-1699) and the Sauk tribe become allies of the British 1712: First Fox War (1712–1716) 1728: Second Fox War (1728 - 1733). King Louis XV of France orders the complete destruction of the Fox people 1733: The Fox tribe seek refuge with the Sauk near Green Bay and form a joint alliance with the neighboring Sauk 1744: King George's War (1744 - 1748) The Sauk continue to fight with the British against the French 1754: French Indian War (1754 - 1763), also known as the 7 year war, was the fourth and final series of conflicts in the French and Indian Wars 1763: French and Indian War ends in victory for the British ending the colony of New France 1763: The outbreak of Pontiac's War (1763–1766) in which Native American tribes, including the Sauk, resisted British settlement of the Great Lakes region 1767: Black Hawk was born into the Thunder Clan of the Sauk 1775: The War of Independence (1775–1783) - the Sauk fought with the British 1785: The Western Confederacy was formed consisting of many different tribes who aimed to keep the Ohio River as a boundary between Native Indian lands and the United States 1785: Little Turtle's war (1785–1795), aka the Northwest Indian War erupted 1787: The 1787 ordinance of Congress organized the North-western Territory, out of which the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin were eventually formed, creating hostility with the tribes of the Great Lakes and beyond 1795: The Treaty of Greenville ended Little Turtle's war and Native Indian tribes were forced to cede much of present-day Ohio and Indiana to the United States 1800's: Conflicts erupt between settlers and Native Indians including the Illinois, Iroquois, Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi, Kickapoo, Miami, Shawnee, Sauk and Fox tribes throughout the 1800's 1811: Tecumseh's War (1811–1813). The Sauk join the Shawnee chief Tecumseh in an attempt to reclaim Indian lands 1812: Black Hawk and the Sauk side with the British in the War of 1812. 1830: The Indian Removal Act of 1830 1832: Black Hawk War (1865 - 1872) broke out in Northern Illinois and Southwestern Wisconsin. Sauk and Fox tribes were led by Chief Black Hawk and were joined by other tribes in an attempt to re-take their homeland 1838: Black Hawk dies in Iowa on October 3, 1838 1845: Many Fox and Sauk were removed to a reservation in east central Kansas via the Dragoon Trace. Some stay in Iowa and Nebraska 1867: Following the American Civil War, many people were sent to Indian Territory in Oklahoma 1887: The Dawes General Allotment Act led to the break up of the large Indian Reservations and the sale of Native Indian lands to white settlers

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